Scientific research applicable to livestock grazing permitted on public land managed by the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Last updated on .
Airola, D. A. 1986. Brown-Headed Cowbird Parasitism and Habitat Disturbance in the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Wildlife Management 50(4): 571-575.
Anderson, D.C., K.T. Harper and S.R. Rushforth. 1982. Recovery of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts from Grazing on Utah Winter Ranges. Journal of Range Management 35(3): 355-359.
Anderson, J.E., and K.E. Holte. 1981. Vegetation Development Over 25 Years Without Grazing on Sagebrush-Dominated Rangeland in Southeastern Idaho. Journal of Range Management 34:25-29.
Aryal, D.R., D.E. Morales-Ruiz, S. López-Cruz et al. 2022. Silvopastoral systems and remnant forests enhance carbon storage in livestock-dominated landscapes in Mexico. Sci Rep 12, 16769.
Atwill, R. 1995. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cattle: Implications for Public Health and Land Use Restrictions. Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library, U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C.
Bahre, C.J. 1987. Wild Hay Harvesting in Southern Arizona: A Casualty of the March of Progress. Journal of Arizona History 28:69-78.
Baker, M.B., Compiler. 1999. History of Watershed Research in the Central Arizona Highlands. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-GTR-29.
Bartolome, J.W. 1993. Application of Herbivore Optimization Theory to Rangelands of the Western United States. Ecological Applications 3(1):27-29.
Barrett, M.W. 1981. Environmental Characteristics and Functional Significance of Pronghorn Fawn Bedding Sites in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 45(1).
Belsky, A.J. 1986. Does Herbivory Benefit Plants? A Review of the Evidence. The American Naturalist 127:870-892.
Belsky, A.J. 1987. The Effects of Grazing: Confounding Ecosystem, Community, and Organism Scales. American Naturalist 127:870-892.
Belsky, A.J., W.P. Carson, C.J. Jensen, and G.A. Fox. 1993. Overcompensation by Plants: Herbivore Optimization or Red Herring? Evolutionary Ecology 7:109-121.
Belsky, A.J. 1996. Viewpoint: Western Juniper Expansion: Is It A Threat to Arid Northwestern Ecosystems?. Journal of Range Management 49:53-59.
Belsky, A.J., and D.M. Blumenthal. 1997. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Stand Dynamics and Soils in Upland Forests of the Interior West. Conservation Biology 11(2):315-327.
Belsky, A.J., A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of Livestock Influences on Stream and Riparian Ecosystems in the Western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54(1): 419-431.
Blaisdell, J.P., and R.C. Holmgren. 1984. Managing Intermountain Rangelands – Salt-Desert Shrub Ranges. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-163.
Bock, C.E., and B. Webb. 1984. Birds as a grazing indicator species in Southeastern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1045-1049
Bock, C. E., and J.H. Bock, W.R. Kenney, V.M. Hawthorne. 1984. Responses of Birds, Rodents, and Vegetation to Livestock Exclosure in a Semidesert Grassland Site. Journal of Range Management 37(3): 239-242.
Bock, C.E., and J.H. Bock. 1993. Cover of Perennial Grasses in Southeastern Arizona in Relation to Livestock Grazing. Conservation Biology 7(2):371-377.
Bock, C.E., L. Kennedy, J. H. Bock, and Z. F. Jones. 2007. Effects of Fire Frequency and Intensity on Velvet Mesquite in an Arizona Grassland. Journal of Range Management 60(5):508-514.
Booth, D.T., et al. 2021. Grazing Increases Soil Warming in Headwater Wetlands: Importance to Land Managers and Water Users. Ecosystems 25, 1052–1065.
Brady, W.W., M.R. Stromberg, E.F. Aldon, C.D. Bonham, and S.H. Henry. 1989. Response of Semidesert Grassland to 16 Years of Rest from Grazing. Journal of Range Management 42(4):284-288.
Briske, D.D. 1993. Grazing Optimization: A Plea for a Balanced Perspective. Ecological Applications 3(1):24-26
Brown, D.E. 1997. Water for Wildlife: Belief Before Science. Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
Brown, R.L. 1982. Effects of Livestock Grazing on Mearns Quail in Southeastern Arizona. Journal of Range Management 35(6):727-732.
Brown, R.L. 1990. Effects of a Savory Grazing Method on Big Game. Research Branch Technical Report #3. Arizona Game & Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ.
Broyles, B. 1995. Desert Wildlife Water Developments: Questioning Use in the Southwest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(4):663-675.
Broyles, B. 1997. Reckoning Real Costs and Secondary Benefits of Artificial Game Waters in Southwestern Arizona. Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
Brunson, M. W., and B.S. Steel. 1993. Public Attitudes Toward Federal Rangeland Management: Results of National and Oregon Surveys. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
Bryant, F.C., B.E. Dahl, R.D. Pettit, and C.M. Britton. 1989. Does Short-Duration Grazing Work in Arid and Semiarid Regions? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44:290-296.
Buret, A., and N. deHollander, P.M. Wallis, D. Befus, and M.E. Olson. 1990. Zoonotic Potential of Giardiasis in Domestic Ruminants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 162: 231-237.
Burkett, D.W., and B.C. Thompson. 1994. Wildlife Association with Human-Altered Water Sources in Semiarid Vegetation Communities. Conservation Biology 8(3):682-690.
Burkhardt, J.W. and E.W. Tisdale. 1976. Causes of Juniper Invasion in Southwestern Idaho. Ecology 76:472-484.
Carter, J., A. Jones, M. O’Brien, J. Ratner, and G. Wuerthner. 2014. Holistic Management: Misinformation on the Science of Grazed Ecosystems. International Journal of Biodiversity, Volume 2014, Article ID 163431.
Carter, J., J.C. Catlin, N. Hurwitz, A.L. Jones, and J. Ratner. 2017. Upland Water and Deferred Rotation Effects on Cattle Use in Riparian and Upland Areas. Rangelands 39(3-4): 112-118.
Cave, G. H., and D.T. Patten. 1984. Short-Term Vegetation Responses to Fire in the Upper Sonoran Desert. Journal of Range Management 37(6): 491-496.
Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W.S. Platts. 1990. Livestock Grazing on Western Riparian Areas. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Clary, W.P., M.B. Baker, Jr., P.F. O’Connell, T.N. Johnson, Jr., and R.E. Campbell. 1974. Effects of pinyon-juniper removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper RM-128.
Coe, P.K., et al. 2018. Multiscale Models of Habitat Use by Mule Deer in Winter. Journal of Wildlife Management 82(6):1285-1299.
Collings, M.R., and R.M. Myrick. 1966. Effects of Juniper and Pinyon Eradication on Streamflow from Corduroy Creek Basin, Arizona. Studies of Evapotranspiration. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-B.
Compton, B.B., R.J. Mackie, and G.L. Dusek. 1988. Factors Influencing Distribution of White-Tailed Deer in Riparian Habitats. Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3):544-548.
Cook, C.W. 1971. Recovery of Desert Plants in Various States of Vigor. Journal of Range Management 24:339-343.
Cooperrider, A.Y., and D.S. Wilcove. 1995. Defending the Desert: Conserving Biodiversity on BLM Lands in the Southwest. Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY.
Croxen, F. W. 1926. History of Grazing on the Tonto National Forest. Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, AZ.
Dahl, B.E., R.E. Sosebee, J.P. Goen, and C.S. Brumley. 1978. Will Mesquite Control with 2,4,5 -T enhance Grass Production? Journal of Range Management 31(2):129 -131.
Davis, G. P. Man and Wildlife in Arizona: The Pre-Settlement Era, 1823-1864. MS Thesis. University of Arizona, 1973.
Dormaar, J.F., S. Smoliak, and W.D. Wilms. 1989. Vegetation and Soil Responses to Short-Duration Grazing on Fescue Grasslands. Journal of Range Management 42:252-256.
Esque, T.C., et al. 2004. Saguaros Under Siege: Invasive Species and Fire. Desert Plants.
Fleischner, T.L. 1994. Ecological Costs of Livestock Grazing in Western North America. Conservation Biology 8:629-644
Forsling, C.L. 1931. A Study of the Influence of Herbaceous Plant Cover on Surface Run-Off and Soil Erosion in Relation to Grazing on the Wasatch Plateau in Utah. Technical Bulletin 220. U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C.
Gallizioli, S. 1961. Water and Gambel quail. Arizona Game and Fish Department Bulletin. Phoenix, AZ.
Galt, D., G. Mendez, J. Holechek, and J. Joseph. 1999. Heavy Winter Grazing Reduces Forage Production: An Observation. Rangelands, 21(4), 18-21.
Galt, D., F. Molinar, J. Navarro, J. Joseph, and J. Holechek. 2000. Grazing Capacity and Stocking Rate. Rangelands. 22(6):6-11.
Germano, D.J., R. Hungerford, and S.C. Martin. 1983. Responses of Selected Wildlife Species to the Removal of Mesquite from Desert Grassland in Southeastern Arizona, Prosopis juliflora. Journal of Range Management 36(3) 309-311.
Glaser, C., C. Romaniello and K. Moskowitz. 2015. Costs and Consequences, The Real Price of Livestock Grazing on America’s Public Lands. Center for Biological Diversity.
Hadley, N.F., and S.R. Szarek. 1981. Productivity of Desert Ecosystems. BioScience 31:747-753.
Hall, J.A., S. Weinstein, and C.L. McIntyre. 2005. The Impacts of Livestock Grazing in the Sonoran Desert: A Literature Review and Synthesis. The Nature Conservancy.
Hanley, T.A., and W.W. Brady. 1977. Feral Burro Impact on a Sonoran Desert Range. Journal of Range Management 30(5):374-377.
Hanrahan, M.P. 1975. Grazing Marginal Ranges in the Southwest. Journal of Range Management 28(3):245-247.
Harper, K.T., and L.L. St. Clair. 1985. Cryptogamic Soil Crusts on Arid and Semiarid Rangelands in Utah: Effects on Seedling Establishment and Soil Salinity. Final Report on BLM Contract #BLM AA 851-CTI-48.
Holechek, J.L. 1988. An Approach for Setting the Stocking Rate. Rangelands 10(1):10-14.
Holechek, J. L., and K. Hess Jr. 1995. The Emergency Feed Program. Rangelands 17(4):133-136.
Holechek, J.L, H. Gomez, F. Molinar, and D. Galt. 1999. Grazing Studies: What We Have Learned. Rangelands 21(2): 12-16.
Holechek, J.L., H. Gomes, F. Molinar, D. Galt, and R. Valdez. 1999. Short-Duration Grazing: The Facts in 1999. Rangelands 22(1):18-22.
Holechek, J.L., and D. Galt. 2000. Grazing Intensity Guidelines. Rangelands, 22(3), 11-14.
Horejsi, R.G. 1982. Mule Deer Fawn Survival On Cattle-Grazed And Ungrazed Desert Ranges. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ.
Humphrey, R.R. 1949. Fire as a Means of Controlling Velvet Mesquite, Burroweed, and Cholla on Southern Arizona Ranges. Journal of Range Management 2:175-182.
Humphrey, R.R. 1953. The Desert Grassland, Past and Present. Journal of Range Management 6(3):159-164.
Humphrey, R.R., and L.A. Mehrhoff. 1958. Vegetation Changes on a Southern Arizona Grassland Range. Ecology 39(4):720-726.
Johansen, J.R. 1993. Cryptogamic Crusts of Semiarid and Arid Lands of North America. Journal of Phycology 29:140-147.
Kauffman, J. Boone, and W.C. Krueger, M. Vavra. 1983. Impacts of Cattle on Streambanks in Northeastern Oregon. Journal of Range Management 36(6): 683-685.
Kauffman, J. B. and W.C. Krueger. 1984. Livestock Impacts on Riparian Ecosystems and Streamside Management Implications: A Review. Journal of Range Management 37:430 438.
Kauffman, J.B., et al. 2022. Livestock Use on Public Lands in the Western USA Exacerbates Climate Change: Implications for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Environmental Management 2022 69:1137-1152.
Kie, J. G., C. J. Evans, E. R. Loft, and J. W. Menke. 1991. Foraging Behavior by Mule Deer: The Influence of Cattle Grazing. Journal of Wildlife Management 55(1): 665-674.
Knipe, T. 1977. The Arizona whitetail deer. Special Report 6, Arizona Game & Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.
Krausman, P. R., K. R. Rautenstrauch, and B. D. Leopold. 1985. Xeroriparian systems used by desert mule deer in Texas and Arizona. Pages in R. Johnson et al., editors. Riparian ecosystems and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-120:1-523.
Krausman, P. R., and R.C. Etchberger. 1995. Responses of Desert Ungulates to a Water Project in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(2):292-300.
Krausman, P. R. 1996. Rangeland Wildlife. The Society for Range Management, Denver, CO.
Krausman, P.R., and B. Czech. 1997. Water Developments and Desert Ungulates. Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
Ladyman, J.A.R., and E. Muldavin. 1996. Terrestrial Cryptogams of Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands in the Southwestern United States. General Technical Report RM-GTR-280. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
La Porte, A.M., R.W. Mannan, and S. Brewer. 2020. Riparian Conservation Facilitated Expansion of Gray Hawks. Journal of Wildlife Management. March 10, 2020.
Laycock, W.A. 1991. Stable States and Thresholds of Range Condition on North American Rangelands: A Viewpoint. Journal of Range Management 44:427-433.
Loft, E. R., J. W. Menke, J. G. Kie, and R. C. Bertram. 1987. Influence of Cattle Stocking Rate on the Structural Profile of Deer Hiding Cover. Journal of Wildlife Management. 51(1): 655-664.
Loft, E. R., J. W. Menke, and J. G. Kie. 1991. Habitat Shifts by Mule Deer: The Influence of Cattle Grazing. Journal of Wildlife Management. 55(1):16-26.
Loomis, J.B., E. R. Loft, and D. R Updike, and J. G. Kie. 1991. Cattle-Deer Interactions in the Sierra Nevada: A Bioeconomic Approach. Journal of Range Management. 44(4): 395-399.
Lowdermilk, W.C. 1930. Influence of Forest Litter on Run-Off, Percolation and Erosion. Journal of Forestry 28:474-491.
Lull, H.W. 1959. Soil Compaction on Forest and Range Lands. Miscellaneous Publication #768. U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C.
Mack, R. N., and J. N. Thompson. 1982. Evolution in Steppe with Few Large, Hooved Animals. The American Naturalist 119(6): 757-773.
Madsen-Hepp, Tesa R., J. Franklin, S. McFaul and M.J. Spasojevic. 2023. Plant Functional Traits Predict Heterogeneous Distributional Shifts in Response to Climate Change. Functional Ecology.
Marble, J.R., and K.T. Harper. 1989. Effect of Timing of Grazing on Soil-Surface Cryptogamic Communities in a Great Basin Low-Shrub Desert: A Preliminary Report. Great Basin Naturalist 49(1): 104-107.
Marshal, J.P., V. C. Bleich, P. R. Krausman, M. L. Reed, and N. G. Andrew. 2006. Factors Affecting Habitat Use and Distribution of Desert Mule Deer in an Arid Environment. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3):609-619.
McAuliffe, J.R. 1997. Rangeland Water Developments: Conservation Solution or Illusion? Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
McBride, K., and J. Grove. 2002. Riparian Area Management Utilization Guidelines. Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, AZ.
McLaughlin, S. P., and J.E. Bowers. 1982. Effects of Wildfire on a Sonoran Desert Plant Community. Ecology 63(1): 246-248.
Milchunas, D.G. 2006. Responses of Plant Communities to Grazing in the Southwestern United States. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-169.
Molvar, E.M., R. Rosentreter, D. Mansfield, and G.M. Anderson. 2024. Cheatgrass invasions: History, causes, consequences, and solutions. Western Watersheds Project.
Moskowitz, K. and C. Romaniello. 2002. Assessing the Full Cost of the Federal Grazing Program. Center for Biological Diversity.
Newman, D. 1992. Element Stewardship Abstract for Bromus rubens. The Nature Conservancy.
Painter, E.L., and A.J. Belsky. 1993. Application of Herbivore Optimization Theory to Rangelands of the Western United States. Ecological Applications 3(1):2-9.
Patten, D.T. 1993. Herbivore Optimization and Overcompensation: Does Native Herbivory on Western Rangelands Support These Theories? Ecological Perspectives 3(1):35-36.
PEER. 2024. Evaluating Trends in Rangeland Health on Bureau of Land Management Lands. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER)
Perkins, S.R., and K.C. McDaniel. 2005. Infiltration and Sediment Rates Following Creosotebush Control with Tebuthiuron. Range Ecology and Management. Volume 58(6):605-613.
Poessel, S.A., J.C. Hagar, P.K. Haggerty, and T.E. Katzner. 2019. Removal of Cattle Grazing Correlates with Increases in Vegetation Productivity and in Abundance of Imperiled Breeding Birds. Biological Conservation 241.
Ralphs, M.H., M.M. Kothmann, and C.A. Taylor. 1990. Vegetation Response to Increased Stocking Rates in Short-Duration Grazing. Journal of Range Management 43:104-108.
Reynolds, R.V. 1911. Grazing and Floods: A study of Conditions in the Manti National Forest, Utah. Forest Service Bulletin #91. U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C.
Rinne, J. N., and W.L. Minckley. 1991. Native Fishes of Arid Lands: A Dwindling Resource of the Desert Southwest. General Technical Report RM-206. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Robinett, D. 1992. Drought and Recovery in the Upper Sonoran Desert. Rangelands 14(4):219-222.
Rosiere, R.E., R.F. Beck, and J.D. Wallace. 1975. Cattle Diets on Semidesert Grassland: Botanical Composition. Journal of Range Management 28(2):89-93.
Rummell, R.S. 1951. Some Effects of Livestock Grazing on Ponderosa Pine Forest and Range in Central Washington. Ecology 32:594-607.
Rutman, S. 1997. Dirt is Not Cheap: Livestock Grazing and a Legacy of Accelerated Soil Erosion on Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
Schmutz, E.M., D.R. Cable, and J.J. Warwick. 1959. Effects of Shrub Removal on The Vegetation of a Semidesert Grass/Shrub Range. Journal of Range Management 12(1):34-37.
Schmutz, E.M., and D.A. Smith. 1976. Successional Classification of Plants on a Desert Grassland Site in Arizona. Journal of Range Management 29: 476-479.
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Simms, J. 1997. Some Effects of Stock Tanks on Aquatic Biodiversity in Arizona Streams. Symposium on Environmental, Economic, and Legal Issues Related to Rangeland Water Developments, November 13-15, 1997. Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, AZ.
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Taylor, C.A. 1989. Short-Duration Grazing: Experiences from the Edwards Plateau Region in Texas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44: 297-302.
Taylor, D. M. 1986. Effects of Cattle Grazing on Passerine Birds Nesting in Riparian Habitat. Journal of Range Management 39(3): 254-258.
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